Create NBA Player Shot Charts with Python

Part 1

This post is the first in a series that demonstrate how to make shot charts by combining the Python module nba_api with the visualization modules matplotlib and seaborn.

Overview

Background
Data Collection
Data Visualization
Review
References

Background

In 2012, at the \(6^{th}\) annual Sloan Sports Conference at MIT, geographer and basketball enthusiast Kirk Goldsberry unveiled the shot chart and revolutionized basketball analytics with his paper CourtVision: New Visual and Spatial Analytics for the NBA. Goldsberry’s shot chart (Figure 1, shown below) is a heatmap visual representation of the location, frequency, and accuracy of a player’s shot performance. The key intution behind shot charts is that spatial analytics provide more player insight than traditional boxscore numbers like field goal percentage. Shot charts provide insights into player tendencies (where they shoot, how successful), allow for comparison between players, and provide a a sense of what players complement each other based on location preferences/style of play. Goldsberry’s spatial analytics along with John Hollinger’s PER were part of the first wave of advanced analytics being introduced to basketball and represent the dawn of basketball’s “Moneyball” era where basketball front office’s started to seriously use advanced analytics in decision making.

NBA teams were so impressed by spatial analytics that the league partnered with SportVU and then Second Spectrum to track player movement for the entire league. Teams like the Los Angeles Clippers have invested even more in spatial analytics and have started to leverage artificial intelligence to analyze player and team performance. This post repurposes code from indivudual and collaborative work by Savvas Tjortjoglou and Bradley Fay, key contributors to Python’s py-Goldsberry module (created and maintained by Bradley Fay). See the References section for links to code by these authors

Code


import base64, io, IPython
from PIL import Image as PILImage

image_path = "goldsberry_2012_figure_1.png"
image = PILImage.open(image_path)

output = io.BytesIO()
image.save(output, format='PNG')
encoded_string = base64.b64encode(output.getvalue()).decode()

html = '<img src="data:image/png;base64,{}"/>'.format(encoded_string)
IPython.display.HTML(html)

Data Collection

To make Goldsberry’s shot charts and use spatial analytics, we first need to get the player location data that is compiled by NBA partner Second Spectrum. The NBA makes this data available for consumption through an API (Application Programming Interface) and a group of Python developers created a module, nba_api, to leverage the NBA’s API. One of the API endpoints wrapped in the nba_api module is the Shot Chart endpoint. This endpoint provides a shotchartdetail DataFrame with the X and Y coordinates for all shots taken by a given player.

Code

from nba_api.stats.static import players, teams
from nba_api.stats.endpoints import shotchartdetail
from matplotlib.offsetbox import OffsetImage
import matplotlib.gridspec as gridspec
from IPython.display import display
from typing import List, Dict
from utils import draw_court, create_joint_shot_chart, SeabornFig2Grid
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import urllib
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
import seaborn as sns
import json

Gathering the Data

We can use the nba_api module to create databases of teams and players. Once we have these databases, we can filter along individuals or teams to make shot charts

Code

players_dict = players.get_players()
teams_dict = teams.get_teams()

Code

total_players = len([player for player in players_dict])
total_teams = len([team for team in teams_dict])
print(f"there are {total_players} in the players database and {total_teams} in the teams database")

there are 4723 in the players database and 30 in the teams database

the players submodule from the nba_api module has a function, find_players_by_full_name, that we can use to get the player dictionary information for a given player. the function returns a list that we can take the first element from to create the player dictionary. let’s use the find_players_by_full_name function to filter the players submodule (a list of player dictionaries), for Kobe Bryant’s information and then explore the player dictionary

Code

kobe_bryant_dict = players.find_players_by_full_name('kobe bryant')[0]
kobe_bryant_dict

{'id': 977,
 'full_name': 'Kobe Bryant',
 'first_name': 'Kobe',
 'last_name': 'Bryant',
 'is_active': False}

similar to the find_players_by_full_name function from the players submodule, the teams submodule has a function find_teams_by_nickname that allows us to filter the teams submodule database of teams to get information on a team by using their nickanme. let’s use the find_teams_by_nickname to get information for Kobe’s lifelong team, the Los Angeles Lakers

Code

lakers_dict = teams.find_teams_by_nickname('lakers')[0]
lakers_dict

{'id': 1610612747,
 'full_name': 'Los Angeles Lakers',
 'abbreviation': 'LAL',
 'nickname': 'Lakers',
 'city': 'Los Angeles',
 'state': 'California',
 'year_founded': 1948}

now we can use the id field from the player dictionary to get player location data. we’ll start out with a player location data for an entire year, but shot chart data can be gathered for an individual game. We’ll use Kobe Bryant’s player id (977) and team id (1610612747) to gather the location of all shots from two seasons in Kobe Bryant’s career: his 2007-2008 MVP season and final season in 2015-2016 with the shotchartdetail function. shotchartdetail makes a call to the shot chart endpoint with the parameters supplied in the function

Kobe’s 2007-2008 shot chart data from NBA API

Code

kobe_shot_chart_2008_response = shotchartdetail.ShotChartDetail(
    team_id=lakers_dict.get("id"),
    player_id=kobe_bryant_dict.get("id"),
    season_nullable='2007-08',
    season_type_all_star='Regular Season',
    context_measure_simple='FGA'
)

kobe_shot_chart_2008_content = json.loads(kobe_shot_chart_2008_response.get_json())

Kobe’s 2015-2016 shot chart data from NBA API

Code

kobe_shot_chart_2016_response = shotchartdetail.ShotChartDetail(
    team_id=lakers_dict.get("id"),
    player_id=kobe_bryant_dict.get("id"),
    season_nullable='2015-16',
    season_type_all_star='Regular Season',
    context_measure_simple='FGA'
)

kobe_shot_chart_2016_content = json.loads(kobe_shot_chart_2016_response.get_json())

in the next post, we’ll make a function to leverage the leaguegamefinder endpoint to get individual game ids for shot chart creation on the game-level instead of the season-lvel. right now, let’s examine the data provided by the shot chart endpoint. The dictionary from the API response has three keys, and the X and Y coordinate data is in the resultSets dictionary

Code

kobe_shot_chart_2008_content.keys()

dict_keys(['resource', 'parameters', 'resultSets'])

in the resultsSets dictionary we see the fields LOC_X and LOC_Y which are the X and Y coordinates of the player’s shot

Code

kobe_shot_chart_2008_content.get("resultSets")[0].get("headers")

['GRID_TYPE',
 'GAME_ID',
 'GAME_EVENT_ID',
 'PLAYER_ID',
 'PLAYER_NAME',
 'TEAM_ID',
 'TEAM_NAME',
 'PERIOD',
 'MINUTES_REMAINING',
 'SECONDS_REMAINING',
 'EVENT_TYPE',
 'ACTION_TYPE',
 'SHOT_TYPE',
 'SHOT_ZONE_BASIC',
 'SHOT_ZONE_AREA',
 'SHOT_ZONE_RANGE',
 'SHOT_DISTANCE',
 'LOC_X',
 'LOC_Y',
 'SHOT_ATTEMPTED_FLAG',
 'SHOT_MADE_FLAG',
 'GAME_DATE',
 'HTM',
 'VTM']

we can convert the resultSets dictionary into a DataFrame to aid in analysis

Code

headers = kobe_shot_chart_2008_content['resultSets'][0]['headers']
# Grab the shot chart data
kobe_2008_shots = kobe_shot_chart_2008_content['resultSets'][0]['rowSet']
# combine shot chart data and headers into a DataFrame
kobe_2008_shots_df = pd.DataFrame(kobe_2008_shots, columns=headers)
# View the head of the DataFrame and all its columns
with pd.option_context('display.max_columns', None):
    display(kobe_2008_shots_df.head())

	GRID_TYPE	GAME_ID	GAME_EVENT_ID	PLAYER_ID	PLAYER_NAME	TEAM_ID	TEAM_NAME	PERIOD	MINUTES_REMAINING	SECONDS_REMAINING	EVENT_TYPE	ACTION_TYPE	SHOT_TYPE	SHOT_ZONE_BASIC	SHOT_ZONE_AREA	SHOT_ZONE_RANGE	SHOT_DISTANCE	LOC_X	LOC_Y	SHOT_ATTEMPTED_FLAG	SHOT_MADE_FLAG	GAME_DATE	HTM	VTM
0	Shot Chart Detail	0020700002	4	977	Kobe Bryant	1610612747	Los Angeles Lakers	1	11	29	Missed Shot	Jump Shot	2PT Field Goal	Mid-Range	Center(C)	16-24 ft.	21	54	209	1	0	20071030	LAL	HOU
1	Shot Chart Detail	0020700002	19	977	Kobe Bryant	1610612747	Los Angeles Lakers	1	9	19	Missed Shot	Layup Shot	2PT Field Goal	Restricted Area	Center(C)	Less Than 8 ft.	0	0	0	1	0	20071030	LAL	HOU
2	Shot Chart Detail	0020700002	23	977	Kobe Bryant	1610612747	Los Angeles Lakers	1	9	1	Made Shot	Layup Shot	2PT Field Goal	Restricted Area	Center(C)	Less Than 8 ft.	0	0	0	1	1	20071030	LAL	HOU
3	Shot Chart Detail	0020700002	31	977	Kobe Bryant	1610612747	Los Angeles Lakers	1	7	56	Made Shot	Jump Shot	2PT Field Goal	Mid-Range	Center(C)	16-24 ft.	20	51	201	1	1	20071030	LAL	HOU
4	Shot Chart Detail	0020700002	48	977	Kobe Bryant	1610612747	Los Angeles Lakers	1	6	6	Missed Shot	Jump Shot	3PT Field Goal	Above the Break 3	Right Side Center(RC)	24+ ft.	26	121	237	1	0	20071030	LAL	HOU

Code

kobe_2016_shots = kobe_shot_chart_2016_content['resultSets'][0]['rowSet']
# combine shot chart data and headers into a DataFrame
kobe_2016_shots_df = pd.DataFrame(kobe_2016_shots, columns=headers)

get_shots_df_by_season collapses the last few lines of code into a function to create a shot dataframe. the function takes the following parameters
- team_dict
- player_dict
- season
let’s get kobe’s rookie season shot dataframe with this functon

Code

def get_shots_df_by_season(team_dict: Dict, player_dict: Dict, season: str):
    """
    """
    shot_chart_response = shotchartdetail.ShotChartDetail(
    team_id=team_dict.get("id"),
    player_id=player_dict.get("id"),
    season_nullable=season,
    season_type_all_star='Regular Season',
    context_measure_simple='FGA'
    )

    shot_chart_content = json.loads(shot_chart_response.get_json())
    headers = shot_chart_content['resultSets'][0]['headers']
    # Grab the shot chart data
    shots = shot_chart_content['resultSets'][0]['rowSet']
    # combine shot chart data and headers into a DataFrame
    shots_df_by_season = pd.DataFrame(shots, columns=headers)
    return(shots_df_by_season)

Code

kobe_1996_shots_df = get_shots_df_by_season(lakers_dict, kobe_bryant_dict, "1996-97")
kobe_1996_shots_df.head()

	GRID_TYPE	GAME_ID	GAME_EVENT_ID	PLAYER_ID	PLAYER_NAME	TEAM_ID	TEAM_NAME	PERIOD	MINUTES_REMAINING	SECONDS_REMAINING	...	SHOT_ZONE_AREA	SHOT_ZONE_RANGE	SHOT_DISTANCE	LOC_X	LOC_Y	SHOT_ATTEMPTED_FLAG	SHOT_MADE_FLAG	GAME_DATE	HTM	VTM
0	Shot Chart Detail	0029600027	102	977	Kobe Bryant	1610612747	Los Angeles Lakers	1	0	42	...	Left Side Center(LC)	16-24 ft.	18	-140	116	1	0	19961103	LAL	MIN
1	Shot Chart Detail	0029600031	127	977	Kobe Bryant	1610612747	Los Angeles Lakers	2	10	8	...	Left Side Center(LC)	16-24 ft.	16	-131	97	1	0	19961105	NYK	LAL
2	Shot Chart Detail	0029600044	124	977	Kobe Bryant	1610612747	Los Angeles Lakers	2	8	37	...	Left Side Center(LC)	16-24 ft.	23	-142	181	1	1	19961106	CHH	LAL
3	Shot Chart Detail	0029600044	144	977	Kobe Bryant	1610612747	Los Angeles Lakers	2	6	34	...	Center(C)	Less Than 8 ft.	0	0	0	1	0	19961106	CHH	LAL
4	Shot Chart Detail	0029600044	151	977	Kobe Bryant	1610612747	Los Angeles Lakers	2	5	27	...	Center(C)	8-16 ft.	13	-10	138	1	1	19961106	CHH	LAL

5 rows × 24 columns

let’s create a function to get summary statistics so we can compare Kobe’s three seasons. the shots_df_summary_stats function will return:
- total shots
- made shots
- missed shots
- field goal percentage

Code

def shots_df_summary_stats(shots_df):
    total_shots = shots_df.shape[0]
    made_shots = sum(shots_df.EVENT_TYPE=="Made Shot")
    missed_shots = sum(shots_df.EVENT_TYPE=="Missed Shot")
    shooting_pct = round(made_shots/total_shots,4)*100
    return total_shots, made_shots, missed_shots, shooting_pct

Code

kobe_1996_total_shots, kobe_1996_made_shots, kobe_1996_missed_shots, kobe_1996_shooting_pct = shots_df_summary_stats(kobe_1996_shots_df)
kobe_2008_total_shots, kobe_2008_made_shots, kobe_2008_missed_shots, kobe_2008_shooting_pct = shots_df_summary_stats(kobe_2008_shots_df)
kobe_2016_total_shots, kobe_2016_made_shots, kobe_2016_missed_shots, kobe_2016_shooting_pct = shots_df_summary_stats(kobe_2016_shots_df)

Code

print(f"in 1996 Kobe attempted {kobe_1996_total_shots} shots and made {kobe_1996_made_shots}, missing {kobe_1996_missed_shots}")
print(f"in 2008 Kobe attempted {kobe_2008_total_shots} shots and made {kobe_2008_made_shots}, missing {kobe_2008_missed_shots}")
print(f"in 2016 Kobe attempted {kobe_2016_total_shots} shots and made {kobe_2016_made_shots}, missing {kobe_2016_missed_shots}")
print(f"Kobe's shooting percentage was {kobe_2008_shooting_pct}% compared to {kobe_2016_shooting_pct}% in 2016 and {kobe_1996_shooting_pct}% in 1996")

in 1996 Kobe attempted 422 shots and made 176, missing 246
in 2008 Kobe attempted 1690 shots and made 775, missing 915
in 2016 Kobe attempted 1113 shots and made 398, missing 715
Kobe's shooting percentage was 45.86% compared to 35.76% in 2016 and 41.71% in 1996

Data Visualization

To create our V1 shot chart, we need: 1. a scatter plot of player shots 2. a basketball court overlayed onto the scatter plot to understand where on the court shots were taken.

We can achieve these two goals by combining and matplotlib and seaborn, two powerful Python visualization libraries. matplotlib is a powerful visualization library capable of producing 2D, 3D, and interactive visualizations. seaborn is based on matplotlib and allows for high-level visualizations that incorporate statistics. Lastly, I use code from Bradley Fay to create an NBA court, Fay’s function draws all aspects of an NBA (half)court including the restricted area, free throw line, and three point line.

First, let’s create a scatter plot of Kobe’s shots from 2007 to 2008 and color his missed shots red and made shots green

Code

sns.set_style("white")
sns.set_color_codes()
plt.figure(figsize=(12,11))
colors = {'Made Shot':'green', 'Missed Shot':'red'}
plt.scatter(kobe_2008_shots_df.LOC_X, kobe_2008_shots_df.LOC_Y, c=kobe_2008_shots_df.EVENT_TYPE.map(colors))
plt.show()

Note: The plot above represents an inversion of the data where the x-axis values are not on the correct side of the court. We can plot only shots in the “Right Side(R)” shot zone area to see the inversion. The plot below demonstrates how shots categorized as taken from the “Right Side(R)”, while to the viewers right, are actually to the left side of the hoop. This is something we will need to fix when creating our final shot chart.

Code

right = kobe_2008_shots_df.loc[kobe_2008_shots_df["SHOT_ZONE_AREA"] == "Right Side(R)"]
plt.figure(figsize=(12,11))
colors = {'Made Shot':'green', 'Missed Shot':'red'}
plt.scatter(right.LOC_X, right.LOC_Y, c=right.EVENT_TYPE.map(colors))
plt.xlim(-300,300)
plt.ylim(-100,500)
plt.show()

To draw our court, we can roughly estimate that the center of the hoop is at the origin (0,0) of the Cartesian grid. We can also estimate that every 10 units on either the X and Y axes represents one foot. We can verify this by just look at observations in our shot_chart DataFrame. The shot range for the first shot is characerized as “Less Than 8 ft.”, the shot appears to be taken at the basket with the LOC_Y equal to 0. The second shot is categorized as “16-24 ft.” and the LOC_Y value is 201 suggested that every ten units equats to one feet (the shot appears to be taken 20 feet from the basket).

The dimensions of a basketball court can be seen here

Faye used the court dimensions along with matplotlib objects such as Circle, Rectangle, and Arc objects to draw our court. The function draw_court encapsualtes all the court spatial knowledge and visual represenations

Code

plt.figure(figsize=(12,11))
draw_court(outer_lines=True)
plt.xlim(-300,300)
plt.ylim(-100,500)
plt.show()

our next step is to overlay the scatter plot of shot location on the NBA court. when we overlay the NBA court, we can see that the furthest shots Kobe attempted were beyond half court and likely desperation heaves at the end of the quarter (we can confirm by inspecting further)

Code

plt.figure(figsize=(12,11))
colors = {'Made Shot':'green', 'Missed Shot':'red'}
plt.scatter(kobe_2008_shots_df.LOC_X, kobe_2008_shots_df.LOC_Y, c=kobe_2008_shots_df.EVENT_TYPE.map(colors))
draw_court(outer_lines=True)
# Descending values along the axis from left to right
plt.xlim(300,-300)
plt.show()

Lets orient our shot chart with the hoop by the top of the chart, which is the same orientation as the shot charts on stats.nba.com. We do this by settting descending y-values from the bottom to the top of the y-axis. When we do this we no longer need to adjust the x-values of our plot.

Code

plt.figure(figsize=(12,11))
colors = {'Made Shot':'green', 'Missed Shot':'red'}
plt.scatter(kobe_2008_shots_df.LOC_X, kobe_2008_shots_df.LOC_Y, c=kobe_2008_shots_df.EVENT_TYPE.map(colors))
draw_court()
# Adjust plot limits to just fit in half court
plt.xlim(-250,250)
# Descending values along th y axis from bottom to top
# in order to place the hoop by the top of plot
plt.ylim(422.5, -47.5)
# get rid of axis tick labels
plt.tick_params(labelbottom=False, labelleft=False)
plt.show()

Lets start creating a version 1 of Goldsberry’s shot charts using the jointplot function from seaborn. jointplot adds a frequency dimension to the shot locations and is the first step to adding spatial analytics to our shot chart

Code

# create our jointplot
joint_shot_chart = sns.jointplot(x=kobe_2008_shots_df.LOC_X, y=kobe_2008_shots_df.LOC_Y, 
                                 hue=kobe_2008_shots_df.EVENT_TYPE,
                                 palette=['red', 'green'],
                                 kind='scatter', space=0, alpha=0.5)

joint_shot_chart.fig.set_size_inches(12,11)

# A joint plot has 3 Axes, 
# the first one called ax_joint is the one we want to draw our court onto and adjust some other settings
ax = joint_shot_chart.ax_joint
draw_court(ax)

# Adjust the axis limits and orientation of the plot in order  to plot half court
# with the hoop by the top of the plot
ax.set_xlim(-250,250)
ax.set_ylim(422.5, -47.5)

# Get rid of axis labels and tick marks
ax.set_xlabel('')
ax.set_ylabel('')
ax.set_xticklabels('')
ax.set_yticklabels('')

# Add a title
ax.set_title(f'Kobe Bryant FGA \n2007-08 Regular Season', 
             y=1.2, fontsize=18)

plt.show()

we can further customize this V1 shot chart by adding an image of the player, using the player id that we first retrieved from the NBA player database, we can use the get_player_pic function to retrieve a player’s pic from the nba.com

Code

def get_player_pic(player_id):
    # we pass in the link to the image as the 1st argument
    # the 2nd argument tells urlretrieve what we want to scrape
    player_pic_address = urllib.request.urlretrieve(f"http://stats.nba.com/media/players/230x185/{player_id}.png",
                                "{player_id}.png")
    # urlretrieve returns a tuple with our image as the first 
    # element and imread reads in the image as a 
    # mutlidimensional numpy array so matplotlib can plot it
    player_pic = plt.imread(player_pic_address[0])
    return(player_pic)

Code

kobe_player_pic = get_player_pic(kobe_bryant_dict.get("id"))
plt.imshow(kobe_player_pic)
plt.tick_params(labelbottom=False, labelleft=False)
plt.show()

now let’s add our player image to the V1 of the shot chart

Code

# create our jointplot
joint_shot_chart_2008 = sns.jointplot(x=kobe_2008_shots_df.LOC_X,
                                      y=kobe_2008_shots_df.LOC_Y, 
                                      hue=kobe_2008_shots_df.EVENT_TYPE,
                                      palette=['red', 'green'],
                                      kind='scatter', space=0, alpha=0.5)

joint_shot_chart_2008.fig.set_size_inches(12,11)

# A joint plot has 3 Axes, 
# the first one called ax_joint is the one we want to draw our court onto and adjust some other settings
ax = joint_shot_chart.ax_joint
draw_court(ax)

# Adjust the axis limits and orientation of the plot in order  to plot half court
# with the hoop by the top of the plot
ax.set_xlim(-250,250)
ax.set_ylim(422.5, -47.5)

# Get rid of axis labels and tick marks
ax.set_xlabel('')
ax.set_ylabel('')
ax.set_xticklabels('')
ax.set_yticklabels('')

# Add a title
ax.set_title('Kobe Bryant FGA \n2007-08 Regular Season', 
             y=1.2, fontsize=18)

# Add Kobe's image to the top right
# First create our OffSetImage by passing in our image
# and set the zoom level to make the image small enough to fit on our plot
img = OffsetImage(kobe_player_pic, zoom=0.6)
# Pass in a tuple of x,y coordinates to set_offset
img.set_offset((625,621))
# add the image
ax.add_artist(img)

plt.show()

the function create_joint_shot_chart wraps the previous code into a function with the inputs for
- shot dataframe
- plot title
- picture dictionary: optional, defaults to empty dictionary
  - otherwise enter dictionary with keys for include_pic and player_pic
let’s create a jointplot for Kobe’s 2016 season using the create_joint_shot_chart and compare with his 2008 season.

Code

joint_shot_chart_2016 = create_joint_shot_chart(kobe_2016_shots_df,  "Kobe Bryant FGA \n2015-16 Regular Season", {"include_pic":True, 'player_pic': kobe_player_pic})
plt.show(joint_shot_chart_2016)

we can remove Kobe’s picture by dropping the optional argument for the player’s picture dictionary

Code

joint_shot_chart_2016 = create_joint_shot_chart(kobe_2016_shots_df,  "Kobe Bryant FGA \n2015-16 Regular Season")
plt.show(joint_shot_chart_2016)

Review

Some interesting takeaways from the histograms provided by the jointplot function. Looking at the side-by-side plot of Kobe’s shooting performance (below) * we can see the frequency and efficiency that Kobe attacked the restricted area in his MVP season. + Kobe made more field goals than he missed from 0-4 ft from the basket, a feat usually reserved for NBA “bigs” (individuals playing the Center or Power Forward possition) * conversely, we see the decline in Kobe’s efficiency his final year where there was no area where he made more field goals than he missed
* Kobe also shot more from the right side of the court than the left, not surprising for a right-handed player * the incredible spread and verstality in shot selection, Kobe shot from everywhere in both years shown + V2 of the shot chart will let us know how efficiently he shot relative to other areas on the court

In Part 2 of this series, we will modularize aspects of this notebook including getting shot chart data and begin applying Goldsberry’s spatial analytics contributions

Code

fig = plt.figure(figsize=(13,8))
fig.subplots_adjust(top=0.95) # Reduce plot to make room
gs = gridspec.GridSpec(1, 2)

mg0 = SeabornFig2Grid(joint_shot_chart, fig, gs[0])
mg1 = SeabornFig2Grid(joint_shot_chart_2016, fig, gs[1])

gs.tight_layout(fig)

Code

import sys
import IPython
import matplotlib as mpl
from datetime import datetime
print('originally published 2022-02-27 16:20:00')
print(f'last updated: {datetime.now().strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")} \n')
print(f'Python version: {sys.version_info}')
print(f'matplotlib version: {mpl.__version__}')
print(f'iPython version: {IPython.__version__}')
print(f'urllib version: {urllib.request.__version__}')
print(f'seaborn version: {sns.__version__}')
print(f'pandas version: {pd.__version__}')

originally published 2022-02-27 16:20:00
last updated: 2022-03-01 17:54:18 

Python version: sys.version_info(major=3, minor=9, micro=7, releaselevel='final', serial=0)
matplotlib version: 3.4.3
iPython version: 7.29.0
urllib version: 3.9
seaborn version: 0.11.2
pandas version: 1.4.1

References

http://savvastjortjoglou.com/nba-shot-sharts.html
https://github.com/bradleyfay/py-Goldsberry/